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| Call Option |
| A call option is an agreement that gives the option buyer the right to buy the underlying asset at a specified price within a specific time period. |
| Annuity |
| An annuity is a financial product that pays out a fixed stream of payments to an individual, primarily used as an income stream for retirees. |
| Preferred Stock |
| Preferred stock refers to a class of ownership that has a higher claim on assets and earnings than common stock has. |
| Liability |
| A liability is defined as a company's legal financial debts or obligations that arise during the course of business operations. |
| Futures Contract |
| An agreement to buy or sell the underlying commodity or asset at a specific price at a future date. |
| Standard Deviation |
| The standard deviation is a statistic that measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean and is calculated as the square root of the variance. |
| Amortization |
| Amortization is an accounting technique used to lower the cost value of a finite life or intangible asset incrementally through scheduled charges to income. |
| Swap |
| A swap is a derivative contract through which two parties exchange financial instruments, such as interest rates, commodities, or foreign exchange. |
| Compound Interest |
| Compound interest is interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods of a deposit or loan. |
| Retained Earnings |
| Retained earnings are the cumulative net earnings or profit of a firm after accounting for dividends — some people refer to them as the earnings surplus. |
| Liquidity |
| Liquidity is the degree to which an asset or security can be quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting the asset's price. |
| Yield Curve |
| A yield curve is a line that plots the interest rates, at a set point in time, of bonds having equal credit quality but differing maturity dates. |
| Income Statement |
| An income statement is one of the three major financial statements that reports a company's financial performance over a specific accounting period. |
| Security |
| A security is a fungible, negotiable financial instrument that represents some type of financial value, usually in the form of a stock, bond, or option. |
| Short Selling |
| Short selling is the sale of a security that is not owned by the seller or that the seller has borrowed in the hope that the price will go down. |
| Book Value |
| An asset's book value is equal to its carrying value on the balance sheet, and companies calculate it by netting the asset against its accumulated depreciation. |
| Gross Margin |
| A company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage. The gross margin represents the percent of total sales revenue that the company retains after incurring the direct costs associated with producing the goods and services sold by a company. |
| Inflation |
| Inflation is the rate at which prices for goods and services is rising and the worth of currency is dropping. |
| Deferred Annuity |
| A deferred annuity is a type of annuity contract that delays income, installment or lump-sum payments until the investor elects to receive them. |
| Discount Rate |
| Discount rate is the interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions for loans received from the Federal Reserve's discount window. |
| Economies of Scale |
| Economies of scale refer to reduced costs per unit that arise from increased total output of a product. For example, a larger factory will produce power hand tools at a lower unit price, and a larger medical system will reduce cost per medical procedure. |
| Free Cash Flow - FCF |
| Free cash flow represents cash a company can generate after accounting for capital expenditures needed to maintain or maximize its asset base. |
| Quick Ratio |
| The quick ratio measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. |
| Leverage |
| Leverage results from using borrowed capital as a source of funding when investing to expand the firm's asset base and generate returns on risk capital |
| Enterprise Value (EV) |
| Enterprise Value (EV) is a measure of a company's total value, often used as a more comprehensive alternative to equity market capitalization. |